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System D (in French, ''Système D'') is a shorthand term that refers to a manner of responding to challenges that requires one to have the ability to think fast, to adapt, and to improvise when getting a job done, like MacGyver who solves complex problems by making things out of ordinary objects, along with his ever-present Swiss Army knife. The letter ''D'' refers back to either of the French nouns "débrouille",〔http://www.languefrancaise.net/bob/detail.php?id=16975〕 ''débrouillardise'' or ''démerde'' (French slang). The verbs ''se débrouiller'' and ''se démerder'' mean to ''make do'', to ''manage'', especially in an adverse situation. In "Down and Out in Paris and London", George Orwell calls out the term "''débrouillard''" as something the lowest-level kitchen workers, the ''plongeurs'', wanted to be called, as people who would get the job done, no matter what. The term gained wider popularity in the United States, after appearing in the 2006 publication of Anthony Bourdain's ''The Nasty Bits''. Bourdain's sous-chef likens the use of System D to being a modern-day MacGyver (i.e., one who is able to get the job done with a mix of whatever resources are available and a great deal of personal innovation). In American culinary slang system D is getting the job done "on the fly." In ''The Nasty Bits'', Bourdain references first coming upon the term while reading Nicolas Freeling's memoir, ''The Kitchen'', written about Freeling's years as a Grand Hotel cook in France. In recent literature on the informal economy, System D has become a shorthand name for the growing share of the world's economy which makes up the underground economy, which has a projected GDP of $10 trillion. There is a range of terms in other languages describing similar circumstances, examples for those are ''Trick 17'' in German, ''Trick 77'' in Swiss German, ''Trick 3'' (''kikka kolmonen'') in Finnish and ''to hack it'' in English, Jugaad in Urdu, Hindi, and Punjabi. == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「System D」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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